History Discussion: 6/15/16

How Much Money Did the English Government Spend on North America?

Trick question, the private company the Virginia company, funded Jamestown.

The Separatists Puritans payed the way for the Plymouth colony and the Massachussets Bay Colony.

Rhode Island colony, Providence, was founded by Roger Williams, who didn't like how Native Americans were treated in Massachussets Bay Colony, or the fact that everyone in Massachussets Bay Colony had to be Puritan.

Providence allowed anyone to come and stay, and were nice to the Native Americans in the area.

The Quakers

Were called Quakers, because when entering meditative states, they would Quake with the power of the lord.

Were lead by Fox and Penn.

They are Puritans with unique beliefs.

You sit quietly for about fourty minutes in church, with men on one side, and women on the other. Occassionally someone would stand and confess their sins to the church, and the other church goers would tell them that everything was ok.

Men and women were treated equally.

They believed that giving money to the church was unnecessary.

Women were allowed to be ministers.

Quakers aren't allowed to tell oaths, its against their religion.

Founded Philadelphia, home of brotherly love.

Divine Right of Monarchy

Is the belief that authority as king, comes from God himself.

Parliament

House of Lords and House of Commons, which control the money of England, and place checks and balances on the monarchy.

The members of the House of Commons make their money, by working in Commerce fields.

Habeas Corpus

In England during this time, due process existed, and when someone was arrested they had to meet before a jury or judge and they would have to be proven to be guilty.

Arrested individuals could not be left in prison, if what they did wrong could not be proven, they would have to be set free.

This was all a part of common law, and existed to stop arbitrary imprisonment.

James II and Charles I

They were closet Catholics, who claimed to be High Anglican (Practically Catholic).

Charles was very sympathetic of Catholics.

They believe in the divine right of monarchy.

Charles I vs. Parliament

Charles wanted the kind of power that the french monarchy had, absolute power and no parliament, so he told the parliament to stop meeting, and that he didn't need them.

Charles enjoyed asking for tax money arbitrarily. 

Arbitrary taxation is not well liked by the people of England.

It causes the people to stop buying things, and slows the economy.

When the economy began to slow, the business men of Parliament were getting hit right in their pocket book.

The voices in Parliament began to stand against Charles arbitrary taxation.

Charles to stop the Parliament from standing against him, began to jail those who spoke against him, and take control of the press.

These actions were against Common Law, ignoring due process.

Parliament put their foot down, and stood up to Charles.

Charles raised his army of Caviliers, and Parliament raised their Puritan army of round heads.

Oliver Cromwell, starts the new model army, as a general of the roundheads.

The new model army, arrests Charles, Charles runs away, he is captured, convicted of treason, and then Charles is executed.

Death of Charles and the Rule of Cromwell

Cromwell changes the government after the death of Charles.

He wanted to make the government a Theocracy, where the laws of the state matched the laws of the Bible.

He began restricting everything, but Parliament didn't agree with his ideas, so he just starts letting go everyone in Parliament who doesn't agree with him.

Cromwell becomes a tyrant, a dictator, not unlike Charles.

Reign of Richard Cromwell

Richard, Poor Dick, Cromwell the son of the tyrant Oliver Cromwell who died, was a terrible king in his father's place.

Charles II

He came back to England, and got the throne back from Richard Cromwell.

He loved to party, have sex with women, buy giant estates, and a parade of cockerspaniels that followed him everywhere he went.

He had rocking long hair, and he started the Restoration.

James II

He drops being Anglican, straight up says he's Catholic.

He believes in Divine Right.

Younger brother of Charles II.

Charles II dies, and James II takes over.

He raised arbitrary taxes, and got on the bad side of Parliament.

James II's daughter was Protestant and Calvinist.

Her name was Mary II of England.

Mary II and William II run James II out of town, and they take over.

Reign of William III and Mary II: The Glorious Revolution

William III of England marries Mary II of England after signing the Bill of Rights to keep Parliament together, and get rid of a standing army in times of peace, allows for freedom of speech, and ends arbitrary taxation.

Act of Settlement

No monarch of England can be Catholic.

Act of Union

England is no longer England, it is called Great Britain.

People From Wales

Were originally called Celts.

What is a Czar?

Derives from the word Caesar, it means emperor.

Emperor derives from the word Imperator.

Caesar Augustus was the first real emperor of Rome.

Russia

Dwarfs and fools entertained the Czar's court.

Clocks seemed magical to them.

Peter the Great of Russia

Becomes one of the most dynamic, educated, and cruel of the Russian Czars.

He was very inquisitive, very well educated, and unlike most Czars prior to his rule, loved to travel.

He traveled to many locations like Paris, and Holland, and while traveling at a young age he learned that Russia had no real advances that these other countries had. 

Russia was still practicing mysticism, while England were in the midst of the age of discovery, and the Enlighenment.

Peter brought in and paid experts from around Europe to help pull Russia into the modern era.

Peter appointed himself the head of the Church of Russia.

He promoted people based on merit, and not by nobility.

In Russia it was customary for men to wear uncut beards, but Peter was like, nah, that's not fashionable, cut yo beard.

Russians use to eat with their hands, until Peter brought in forks and knives, and spoons for people to eat with.

Many people rebelled against Peter, for example the military group Strelltzi, who Peter had executed.

Peter's son Alexis didn't want Russia to be taken over by European ideas, so Peter had his son imprisoned, and later executed.

Russia wanted a warm water port, and Peter went to war with Sweden to try and get a warm water port, but Peter's army lost.

Sweden invaded Russia, but when the winter hit, the Swedes ran away.

Peter finally beats Sweden, and claims St Petersburg.

Before he died he modernized Russia, but most of the peasants' lives went unchanged, as they were surfs, more or less they were slaves.

Peter was six foot eight, but the average height for a man was five foot three.

Austria

Was the lead country in the Holy Roman Empire.

It was damaged by the thirty year war.

It was a multinational, multiethnic, conglomerate.

They wanted to control the Balkans, which are right above the Ottoman Empire.

The leader of Austria, Chares VI, declared the Pragmatic Sanction, stating that if he died without a male heir, that his oldest living daughter's husband would become the King of Austria.

Charles VI never wanted an Empress of Austria.

Maria Theresea, Charles VI's daughter, has a husband when Charles VI dies, and he takes the throne right as Austria is invaded by Prussia.

Austria vs Prussia

Frederick II of Prussia invaded a kingdom between Austria and Prussia.

Frederick assumed Maria Theresea would never come after him, but he was wrong.

This was the beginning of the War of Austrian Succession.

Frederick won the kingdom between Austria and Prussia, called Silsea.

Maria Theresea and her husband stayed in power.

The Prussian army at that time, was the greatest army in the world.

Prussia trained their soldiers in an incredibly harsh manner.

Walking in unity, teaches the main focuses of working in the military.

Regiments during this time, took great pride in the battles they fought in.   

What Route Did the Muslims Always Take Going North?

They would go to Vienna, the weak underbelly of Europe.