Protestant reformation began with Martin Luther voicing his problems with the Catholic Church.
Martin Luther was excommunicated in 1520 for identifying the problems of the Catholic Church.
This is the beginning of the Catholic Reformation.
The Catholic Church as a result loses a massive percentage of its flock.
1527, Rome, home of the Vatican, is invaded. This is a short time after Pop Julius the Second and Raphael's School of Athens.
Mannerism reflects the political and religious turmoil of the time.
Some say that Mannerism isn't really a thing, that it is just Renaissance Art.
What is the focus of Cicero's Rhetoric, that you focus on one thing, and you make that one thing stand out.
The idea that you stand out, is what makes artists famous and throughout history.
How you become a great artist, is to write down all the rules, and then break all the rules.
Mannerism can be considered as artists in the renaissance simply breaking all the rules in the pursuit of fame and fortune.
Religion is a mystery religion, and therefore religion cannot be composed of geometry is beauty and beauty is divine, it must be mysterious.
Italian Boroque Art
It addresses what is divine, and what is human and of the physical world.
They use a high contrast between light and shade, where light symbolizes the divine, and darkness as being more of the physical world.
Sometimes use a lot of realism to symbolize the physical world, and classical beauty to symbolize man's connection to the divine.
It continually juxstaposes what is divine, and what is physical.
Sin is symbolized by realism.
Its goal is to engage the audience, to make people become Catholic, and fight against people becoming Protestants.
It's counter protestant reformation art.
A big point in the Boroque Period, is to understand that everyone has sin, that all sins are equal, and that understanding this is why you should go to the Catholic Church.
Some pieces utilize diagonal lines to suggest dynamic action, which is combined with classical beauty, and realism in order to engage the audience.
The art wants to engage you, physically, and emotionally.
They hype up ideas, and portray religious events as very fantastic.
Some art even tries to represent itself as a miracle using smoke and mirrors.
St. Ignatius (Italian Boroque)
He was incredibly important in the Counter Protestant Reformation and completed spiritual exercises.
Excercise #1: Understand that you are insignificant compared to everyother person on the Earth.
Excercise #2: Understand that you are insignificant compared to all the angels in heaven.
Excercise #3: Understand that your relation to God, is that you are a pimple, compared to God. God loves you, but not because you deserve his love. Understanding that you are so insignificant, and proclaiming that you love God, means that you have a place in heaven.
Italian Boroque (Not on Final)
Ex.
- Caravaggio's Conversion of St. Paul 1601
Central Ideas and Beliefs
- Make people become Catholics Again
- Fight Against People Becoming Protestants
Political Concerns
How are Central Ideas and Beliefs Expressed Visually
- Intense colors to engage people
- Intense realism and contrast to engage people
Artist: Gianlorenzo Bernini
Title: David
Date: 1623
Style Period:
Page Number: 624
Artist: Gianlorenzo Bernini
Title: Chapel of the Cornaro Family
Date: 1640
Style Period:
Page Number: 626
Artist: Gianlorenzo Bernini
Title: Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
Date: 1645
Style Period: Boroque
Page Number: 627
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Artist: Caravaggio
Title: Calling of Saint Matthew
Date: 1600
Style Period:
Page Number: 633
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Artist: Caravaggio
Title: Conversion of Saint Paul
Date: 1601
Style Period: Boroque
Page Number: 634
Artist: Artemisia Gentileschi
Title: Judith and Her Maidservant
Date: 1625
Style Period: Boroque
Page Number: 636
Artist: Artemisia Gentileschi
Title: Judith Slaying Holofernes
Date: 1614
Style Period:
Page Number: 636
Artist: Peter Paul Rubens
Title: Raising of the Cross
Date: 1609
Style Period:
Page Number: 638
Artist: Rembrandt van Rijn
Title: Self Portrait
Date: 1639
Style Period:
Page Number: 644
Artist: Diego, Velazquez
Title: Las Meninas
Date: 1656
Style Period:
Page Number: 654
Spanish Boroque Art
Christian Faith can be based on facts.
Strong focus on realism, never conveys its own existence as being a miracle.
Images of clouds, floating baby angels, and other mythical imagery are not in Spanish Boroque Art.
Religious images are portrayed as realistic events, and not as mythical events.
It is believed that the truth, the reality of a situation, can lead you to faith.
The main focus of realism, is no interpretation, just something being real.
Spanish Boroque Art
Christian Faith can be based on facts.
Strong focus on realism, never conveys its own existence as being a miracle.
Images of clouds, floating baby angels, and other mythical imagery are not in Spanish Boroque Art.
Religious images are portrayed as realistic events, and not as mythical events.
It is believed that the truth, the reality of a situation, can lead you to faith.
The main focus of realism, is no interpretation, just something being real.
A big idea here, is seeing is believing, and that to understand what the world is like, is to look at it.
These images capture things as they are.
Spanish Boroque (Not on Final) SPO
Ex.
- Las Meninas by Diego Velazquez
Central Ideas and Beliefs
- Truth, the reality of a situation, can lead you to faith.
- Art should portray the truth
- Religious art should have no interpretation
- Art should not try to misrepresent itself as a miracle
Political Concerns
How are Central Ideas and Beliefs Expressed Visually
- Focus on realism
- Lacks interpretation
- Does not try to portray itself as a miracle
- Lack of mythical religious imagery
- Images are captured as they are
Northern European Boroque Art
Northern European (Flemish) Boroque Art (SPO)
Ex.
- Peter Paul Ruben's Raising of the Cross
Central Ideas and Beliefs
- You cannot overstate the authority of God as an artist, so you might as well try, because you can't.
- In order to get into heaven, you don't have to be sin free. The confessor hears your sins, and tells you what you have to do to atone. You can live your whole life in sin and still make it. Life is awesome, and anything goes.
Political Concerns
How are Central Ideas and Beliefs Expressed Visually
- Dynamic Lines
- Exciting Colors
- Emotionally Engaging
- Hype and Exaggeration
- Awesome Mythical Stuff
Western European Boroque Art
Western European Boroque Art (Dutch) (SPO)
Ex.
- Rembrandt Van Rijn's Self Portrait
Central Ideas and Beliefs
- You are responsible for your own sins, and for saving your own soul.
- You need to know who you are, to save your soul.
- If you try sincerely in your efforts and failure, then you can attain divine grace.
Political Concerns
How are Central Ideas and Beliefs Expressed Visually
- Introspective Art, that peers into the self, to investigate who one truly is.
- Contrast of light and color, to illustrate one's inner religious conflict in their wish for divine grace.
French Boroque Art
French Boroque Art (SPO)
Ex.
- Palace at Versaille
Central Ideas and Beliefs
- Geometry is beauty, is divine, is ordered,
- Geometry reflects, hiearchy, and authority
- Lois the 14th, is king, and he is the law.
Political Concerns
How are Central Ideas and Beliefs Expressed Visually
- Geometrical, geometry, is beauty, is divine, is ordered
- Iconographical symbolism with a strong focal point to show Louis the 14th is the best
Dutch Boroque Art
Dutch Boroque Art (SPO)
Ex.
Central Ideas and Beliefs
Political Concerns
How are Central Ideas and Beliefs Expressed Visually
Artist: Peter Paul Rubens
Title: Raising of the Cross
Date: 1609
Style Period: Northern European Boroque
Page Number: 638
Artist: Rembrandt Van Rijn
Title: Self Portrait
Date: 1639
Style Period: Western European Boroque
Page Number: 644
Artist: Diego Velazquez
Title: Las Meninas
Date: 1656
Style Period: Spanish Boroque
Page Number: 654
Secular
There is no longer a focus on religion, there is no religious conotation.
The focus of today's discussion is sex, and how great it is.
Secular love, is not religious love, it is sexual love.
Antoine Watteau's Departure From the Isle of Cythera
This piece portrays a world of sexual pleasure, but the message of the piece is that we are not living in a world of sexual pleasure, that sexual pleasure is fleeting.
We are not living in a heavenly sexual paradise, we are living in our mortal physical world.
Antoine Watteau's Gilles
It was a comedy club advertisement. Gilles was a clown. The piece is actually based on a religious work of art translated to "present the man". "Present the man", was a work of art in which Jesus was presented to a crowd, and people had to choose between killing him or killing Jesus. Gilles is to represent everyman, when someone is put in the spotlight and judged.
It represents that everyman, when put in the spotlight, isn't measured up to judgement. Gilles is wearing high water pants, he has huge shoelaces, and the man next to him is attempting to tie his shoelaces together, and Gilles is wearing all kinds of ridiculous clothes.
While the image starts off as ridiculous, it doesn't stay ridiculous, it becomes sad. The storyline of Watteau's paintings are always melancholy, and are never Rococo. It shows that man is not perfect, that man is not God, and that once man understands that, man can't take themselves seriously.
However Gilles, takes himself seriously, and Gilles is ridiculous. The painting's goal is to teach you, to not be like Gilles, it is to teach you to not take yourself too seriously.
Rococo
Runs from 1730 to 1785.
Is about having fun.
Ideas and Beliefs of Rococo
- Philosophy of Deism: God created the world, and all of the world is perfect.
- God designed the human body, so the human body is also perfect.
- We should enjoy everything that God gave us.
- If it feels good, do it.
- God gave you your senses, and you should be guided by the senses God gave you.
- We need to believe in reason, and learn how to appreciate our perfect world.
- Geometry is not divine, everything is divine, everything is perfect. Geometry is beauty is divine, is an outdated idea.
- Everything fits together perfectly.
- Enjoying the world you are given, is a huge moral aspiration
How the Ideas and Beliefs are Visually Expressed
- There is no focal point, because there is no best part, everything is perfect, because God made everything.
- Lack of geometry, everything flows into everything else.
- Lack of Symmetry
- Images flow into eachother, man is shown in harmony with nature.
- Lack of Hiearchy
- Pastel Colors
- Gently Flowing Line
Enlightenment
Ideas and Beliefs
How the Ideas are Visually Expressed
- Geometry is used to represent the divine
Germain Boffrand's Hotel de Soubise
There are floor to ceiling windows, that let in light, and full of mirrors with bright walls. Boroque period symbolizes light as being divine. This room is heaven.
This room is for having fun, and having a good life. The paintings around the Hotel de Soubise, are based on sexual love. This is definitely a Rococo piece.
Neoclassicism
Runs from 1770 to 1800.
Artist: Hyacinthe Rigaud *
Title: Louis XIV
Date: 1701
Style Period: Eighteenth Century Revival Style/ French Boroque
Page Number: 672
Artist: Antoine Watteau *
Title: Return from the Isle of Cythera
Date: 1717
Style Period: Non-Applicable
Page Number: 668
Artist: Antoine Watteau *
Title: Gilles
Date: Undated
Style Period: Non-Applicable
Page Number: 668
Artist: Germain Boffrand *
Title: Hotel de la Princesse
Date: 1740
Style Period: Rococo
Page Number: 664
Artist: Jean-Honore Fragonard *
Title: The Swing
Date: 1766
Style Period: Rococo
Page Number: 669
Deist Art
Cultural Ideas and Beliefs
- God made the world
- God made the world perfect
- God made the world fair
- You have to know nature, in order to be able to control nature.
- You can have Heaven on Earth
- God doesn't check up on the Earth, the Earth is Perfectly Designed
How They Are Visually Expressed
- Line = Discipline = Perfection
Hogarth
He hated Rococo. He sold prints of his illustrations to mass audiences. The subject matter of Hogarth's art, is the time he lives in, it embodies his present.
Hogarth's Gin Lane and Beer Street
Gin during this time period was made with solvents which are like cleaning materials.
The idea behind Gin Lane is that if you just do what feels good, then it will lead to your demise.
Life needs discipline, to help make the world heaven on Earth.
Beer Street is about how if you work hard, then you can have a beer every now and again in moderation.
Hogarth's Marriage a la mode
Is a six-part series about Rococo marriage.
They were made in the 1740s in the mid-eighteenth century where individuals can buy the series as prints.
The series tells a story, about a Rococo marriage.
In the story an English Lord is going to sell his royal title to a man who wants to become a lord.
Those who believe in secular value, don't care for titles.
The man who is selling his title, wants money so that he can pay his workers, to help build his mansions.
English people of the time like Italian art, not English Art.
Hogarth is an english artist, and he hates that Italian Art is viewed as superior to English art, and his piece includes a commentary about how fake Italian Boroque art is, and how it represents reality.
There is a couple that is to be married, in which the groom isn't interested in the bride, the bride is being chatted up by another man that is interested in the bride, and the groom who lives the Rococo life has a horrible sexually transmitted disease and does snuff. His legs are separated because his STD is incredibly uncomfortable.
The bride is bummed out, because the groom has a super STD.
In the second part, the bride and the groom have returned home from partying. The bride had a great time, while the groom didn't, they just learned that they are bankrupt from an accountant. They live in a mansion but they have no money. There is a italian art of saints on the wall, but there is a curtain over a nude portrait next to the paintings of saints.
In the third part they go to the doctor. The wife and the groom have the STD. The cure for STDs of the time is mercury, it kills you. Medicine hasn't really evolved in the eighteenth century.
In part four, the husband is drinking his morning coffee and has his hair up in curlers, he has his legs crossed, so he has gotten better. The bride is talking with the man from part I that was interested in her. Hogarth also portrays the selling of indian art.
In part five, the groom catches the bride cheating. The groom and the cheating man have a sword fight. The groom, is in pain, the bride is pleading with him.
Hogarth is showing how the Rococo lifestyle is horrible, and that discipline is needed to live a good life.
The police burst into the room. The bride has lost her husband, her money, and soon her home.
In the final part, the bride has had a daughter. She has no future, she has no money. The bride tells her servant to go to the pharmacy and buy some poison so that she may commit suicide, and she does. The doctor takes the dead woman's pulse, while at the same time taking her ring.
Her child is shown to have been born with the STD, and wears braces due to her birth defects, which are caused by her exposure to STDs.
NeoClassical
Cultural Ideas and Beliefs
- Must have a high moral message
- Good decisions should be rational, not emotional.
- One should not simply trust feelings, nor should they trust Rococo.
How Are They Visually Expressed
- Subject Matter must be Roman or Greek
- Must have classical style
- Like a freeze in which on figure after another in a row, in front of a bland background
- Must have a high moral message
- Must be archaelogically correct
Benjamin West's Cleombrotus Ordered into Banishment 1770
It is a neoclassical piece, that teaches a moral lesson of how government should be. The classical period becomes the model of what good government should be.
Benjamin West's Death of General Wolf 1771
It has no style period. War is about giving up your life, in order to make the world a better place. General Wolf dies to defeat the French, in order to make Canada English. The English believed their government to be the best, so their government being over Canada, makes Canada a better place.
*Artist: Hogarth
Title: Marriage a la Mode II
Date: 1743
Style Period: Anti-Rococo
Page Number: 675
*Artist: Joseph Wright
Title: An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump
Date: 1768
Style Period: Deist
Page Number: 666
*Artist: Jacques-Louis David
Title: Oath of the Horatti
Date: 1784-1785
Style Period: Neoclassical
Page Number: 693
*Artist: Benjamin West
Title: Death of General Wolfe
Date: 1770
Style Period: None
Page Number: 686
David's Oath of Horatii
Ideas
- A father is telling his son's what to do, morally one should follow what their father tells them.
- Morality is something that can be known.
- The father tells his son's to kill the son's of the enemy family.
- The women do not back the son's up because they are guided by emotions.
- One of the sons swears an oath to his father to go kill his wife's brother.
- David wants a political world that is right, perfect, and fair.
- He believes that everything that is immoral, must be destroyed, and morality must be understood.
Visual Expression
- The swords are as clear and as sharp as morality.
- The father's robes are lightly colored, rather than passionately dark colored, showing reason over passion.
- The women are illustrates by lightly flowing lines and pastel colors to demonstrate that they are Rococo, they are guided by their emotions rather than by reason.
Moral Lesson
Political Background
- France is a horrible political situation, and many people desire a Roman style of government.
Jacques Louis David's Death of Socrates
Ideas and Beliefs
- Socrates decides that he is going to kill himself, for it is morally right.
- Socrates followers are emotionally upset about Socrates decision.
Visually Expressed
Moral Lesson
- One should die for what is morally right.
Political Background
French Revolution
David
- He was a revolutionary painter who was creating paintings that promoted government reform to reflect the government of the Greeks and the Romans.
Ideas
- France is in Debt after helping assist the US in the American Revolution.
- The Business men driving the economy of France are being taxed heavily, so to avoid being taxed heavily, they buy royal titles to avoid being taxed.
- The Church and Nobility have a lot of money and land.
- The Church and Nobility don't pay taxes
- The Church does not farm their land
- People are starving due to lack of food.
- No one with money can be taxed, so now only the poor people are able to be taxed.
- The Church votes together, and controls the government over the business men, who are the only ones who are truly contributing to the economy.
The Goal of the French Revolution
- To create heaven on Earth through reason
Jacques-Louis David's Death of Marat
Ideas and Beliefs
- Marat wants equality, everything he does is to serve the people.
- Marat is murdered.
- Marat died in his journey to serve the people.
- Marat died to do what he felt is morally right.
- David is painting the truth, he is painting facts, and these facts are drawing emotion.
Visual Expression
- Illustrated as a Martyrd
- Portrayal of facts in order to invoke emotion
- Light is drawn across the wall realistically, in a very shocking and jarring way.
Ideas and Beliefs
- France is surrounded by people who want monarchies and tyranny.
- Napoleon spread the idea of Napoleonic law, in which everyone is to be treated equally across everywhere he goes.
- When Napoleon is defeated, places go back to being monarchies.
- After all of Napoleon's efforts, everything became a monarchy again.
Visual Expression
- Heavy Boroque Style, with inspiration from a Brunellecshi Statue
Neoclassical
Cultural Beliefs
- You should follow reason and do what is right.
- Morality is something that can be known.
- The Template of Morality is the Family, with the Father being the Head of the Family, and Women being unreasonable and passionate.
- One should not be motivated by passion, but by reason.
How They Are Visually Expressed
- Subject matter must be of ancient roman history
- Must be Archaelogically Accurate
- Has a High Moral Message
- Uses Roman style similar to ancient Freezes
- Individuals who are passionate and very Rococo are drawn with flowing lines and pastel colors.
Artist: Jacques-Louis David
Title: Death of Socrates
Date: 1787
Style Period: Neoclassical
Page Number: 694
Artist: Jacques-Louis David
Title: Death of Marat
Date: 1793
Style Period:
Page Number: 694
Artist: Jacques- Louis David
Title: Napoleon at Saint Bernard
Date: 1800
Style Period:
Page Number: 695
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