Safavid Empire
The Reign of Shah Abbas the Great was from 1588 to 1629.
The Reign of Shah Abbas the Great restored the Safavid Empire.
Shah Ismali killed Uzbek leader Mohammad Sheybani in a battle near Merv, in 1510.
Main Characteristics of Islam
Islam means to submit to the will of God.
Islam was found by The Prophet Muhammad.
Prophet Muhammad is not a God, he is a man, and this is emphasized in Islam.
It is forbidden to draw the likeness of Muhammad, because if you show iconography of Muhammad, then people may try to worship him.
Images of Muhammad are drawn with a blank face, to not draw the likeness of Muhammad.
Islam is a works based religion.
Muhammad is called the Seal of the Prophet, meaning the last prophet.
They believe that the people of Arabia, who are Semitic (the ethnicity of Jewish people), come from Ishmael.
They believe that Jewish and Muslim people are related by blood.
Persians are muslim, but they are not Arabic or Semitic, they are endo-european.
Gabriel the angel gave Muhammad the revelations to write the Koran.
The Hadith, are the words of wisdom of the prophet.
The Hadith contains Muhammad's moral lessons, and judgements on how to solve everyday problems.
Five Pillars of Islam Faith
Pray five times a day facing Mecca
Charity, giving to the poor
Pilgrimage to Mecca
Focus on the Koran/Hodith
Sunnis
Sunni is a type of Islam, and the majority of Muslims are Sunni.
[Secular means not religious.]
Muhammad's Father in law, and right hand man of Muhammad, Abu Bakr properly succeeded Muhammad in 632.
They follow the Rashidun, who are a line of Califs.
They follow the Koran, but not the Hadith.
Shi'ites
They believe that the leaders of Islam should have been of the bloodline of Muhammad.
They follow the Koran and the Hadith.
Many believe that there will be twelve infallible Shiite Imams after Muhammad, who will be awesome.
Mughal Empire
Babur the Tiger, claimed lineage from Tamerlane, and Genghis Khan, two famous conquerors .
The Mughal Empire invaded and controlled India for a time.
Buddhism started in India, as did Hinduism, and Islam.
They constructed the Taj Mahal, which is a large tomb, it took 20,000 workers to construct it.
Emperor Shah Jahan, was the one who had it built, he and his wife were buried in Agra india.
Islamic/Hindu Empires versus Europe
Coffee became popular in Ottoman and Safvid Empires in the 16th century.
Tobacco was introduced to the Ottomans in 1600.
Sultan Murad IV outlawed coffee and tobacco in a losing battle.
Thirty Years War
It took place from 1618 to 1648.
It began in Bohemia, which is located in the Holy Roman Empire.
The emperor is elected by four princes (who don't have to be Catholic) , and three arch-bishops (who are always Catholic).
Catholic Princes mistreated the protestants.
The Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire did not help the protestants, because he was Catholic.
Defenestration means to throw out of a window.
In the city of Prague, protestants charged inside of the main rooms, and threw the Catholic leaders out of their windows and into piles of trash, this was known as the Defenestration of Prague.
The Protestants took control of Bohemia, and chased out the Catholics.
Only one prince was Catholic, but after the Derenstration of Prague, he decides that he is going to vote protestant.
This scared the Holy Roman Emperor, and the Thirty Years War begin.
The Holy Roman Emperor militarily takes back Bohemia, and is voted Holy Roman Emperor.
Second Phase of the Holy Roman Empire
The French are Catholic.
The French do not like the Holy Roman Emperor, because they hate other Catholic powers like Spain and Austria.
The French wish to be the strongest Catholic power, period.
Dutch and England, who are Protestant, along with France funded the King of Denmark.
The Holy Roman Empire however is centralizing and uniting Catholic Germany, under the Habsburg, that said whoever controls the kingdom, controls the kingdom's religion and that Lutherism is a legitimate Christian denomination.
The Holy Roman Emperor, wants a Catholic German state.
Phase Three of the Thirty Year War
King of Sweden wanted to prevent Habsburg Dominion in Northern Germany, he was an amazing General, and created the first truly professional European army.
The Catholic League allied with Poland, and the King of Poland had a claim to the Swedish throne.
The King of Sweden in his formations, had musketeers, with Pike Men adjacent to them, and working together, which is the inverse of what Catholic Forces under Tily did.
France and England fund Sweden to battle, however the King of Sweden is killed in battle.
The Holy Roman Empire keeps the lead in the Thirty Years War.
Thirty Years War Phase Four
France enters the war, lead by Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu.
France declares war on Spain in 1635.
Sweden beats Austrian Habsburgs in 1636.
France repelled the Spanish Invasion in 1636.
Austria and Bavaria are defeated by 1648.
Treaty of Westphalia/Thirty Years War Aftermath
Ended the Thirty Years War
Recognized Calvinism as a legitimate denomination.
The Holy Roman Empire becomes weaker than it ever has been.
France becomes more powerful than Spain, France comes out on top.
Delayed the German Unification, as german princes were recognized as their own indpendent leaders.
Reign of Lous XIV
There was a rebellion, and the young five year old leader was ransomed and abused.
His regent was Cardinal Mazarin, until he was old enough, Mazarin took control of it.
When he grew up, he remembered what happened to him as a child.
He didn't like the Habsburg.
He becomes one of the most significant monarchs, of European history.
He fathers many children, and has many grandchildren.
He was one of the richest monarchs of the time.
John Baptist Colbert, was an able administrator, who modernizes the French accounting system.
Louis however would blow money, before it would even reach the treasury, bankrupting France in the process.
Louis inspired by Bishop Bossuet, became an absolute monarch.
He had Versailles, which was his greatest palace, which contains the Hall of Mirrors.
Louis fought several wars, against several different powers
France was the biggest country and Europe during his reign, except for Russia.
War of Spanish Sucession
The King of Spain died, the next heir was Louis the XIV's grandson.
William of Orange the third, the duke of Holland, forms the Grand Alliance, which is lead by John Churchill, who was Duke of Marlborough.
Churchill worked alongside the courageous fighter, Eugene Savoy, who was about five foot one, homosexual, and he rode a war pony.
Savoy was a great leader and was highly respected.
This war did not go particularly well for Louis the XIV.
Death of Louis the XIV Aftermath
He had reigned for 72 years, before he had died.
He bankrupted France, but had created an absolute monarchy.
He had broken Spain before he died.
The Eighteenth Century
Colonization takes off in America.
Politics in Europe are a blood sport.
Population is rising like crazy.
Industrial revolution.
The Enlightenment begins.
Bishop Bossuet
Wrote about an absolute monarch with no parliament or council.
Belgium Culture
It is a distinct mixture of French and German culture.
Holy Roman Empire Divides
For many years, emperors tried to hold it together, but it was always divided into hundreds of city states, with their own leaders, their own languages, and their own cultures.
Martin Luther caused the Protestant Reformation, which caused a greater divide in the Holy Roman Empire, as the empire was now divided religiously.
It was divided into the Evangelical Union, which was created by the Protestants in 1608, and the Catholic League, created by the Catholics in 1609, which is formed mainly by Southern Europe states.
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